Beschreibung:

313 Seiten : Illustrationen ; 22 cm, 479 g gebundener Originalpappband

Bemerkung:

Neuwertig erhalten. Introduction.................................................................................................. 15 0.1. Linguistics and Technology.................................................................. 16 0.2. Enrichment of the Linguists? Toolbox................................................. 19 0.3. The Emergence of New Linguistic Fields............................................ 21 0.4. Technology Becomes Theory - The Computer Metaphor................. 26 0.4.1. The Computer Metaphor in Linguistics..................................... 29 0.4.1.1. Artificial Neural Networks ........................................... 30 0.4.1.2. Generative Transformational Grammar and Automata Theory............................................. 32 0.5. Approach and Structure ....................................................................... 36 1. A Semiotics of the Blockchain?..................................................................... 39 1.1. Terminology - What is the Blockchain?............................. 43 1.1.1. Distributed Ledger Technology - DLT..................................... 43 1.1.2. Blockchain.................................................................................. 45 1.1.3. Cryptocurrency......................................................................... 48 1.1.4. Bitcoin......................................................................................... 50 1.1.4.1. Double Spending ........................................................... 51 1.1.4.2. Proof-of-Work (PoW)................................................... 52 1.2. Consensus as a Problem of Communication....................................... 55 1.3. Semiotic Properties of Consensus........................................................ 61 1.3.1. Representation in Language and Distributed Systems.............. 63 1.3.2. Perlocution in Language and Distributed Systems.................... 72 1.3.3. Self-Containment of Information in Language and Distributed Systems ......................................................... 77 2. Graph Theory and Network Analysis - Formal Definitions...................... 83 2.1. Graphs..2.1.1. Graphs........................................................................................... 84 2.1.2. Nodes ............................................................................................ 84 2.1.3. Edges ............................................................................................. 84 2.1.4. Paths.............................................................................................. 85 2.2. Ledger..................................................................................................... 85 2.3. Ledger Implementation - Network Topology..................................... 87 2.3.1. Linear Topology.......................................................................... 88 2.3.2. Centralised Topology.................................................................. 90 2.3.3. Decentralised Topology.............................................................. 91 2.3.4. Fully-Connected Topology ........................................................ 93 2.3.5. Distributed Topology................................................................. 94 2.4. Network Properties................................................................................ 97 2.4.1. Degree Centrality........................................................................ 2.4.2. Graph Centrality.......................................................................... 97 98 98 99 2.4.3. Network Density 2.4.4. P-Regularity ................................................................................. 2.4.5. Diameter....................................................................................... 99 2.5. Achievement of Consensus in Distributed Networks ...................... 100 2.5.1. The Byzantine Generals Problem in Fully-Connected Networks..................................................................................... 101 2.5.2. The Oral Messages Algorithm ................................................. 102 2.5.3. The Signed Messages Algorithm ............................................. 104 2.5.4. Non-fully Connected Networks .............................................. 104 3. Network Theories in Linguistics................................................................. 107 3.1. Language Typology............................................................................. 109 3.2. Cognition and Linguistic Networks ................................................. 117 3.2.1. Semantic Networks .................................................................... 118 3.2.2. Syntactic Networks..................................................................... 123 3.2.3. Limitations of Linguistic Networks in Individual Cognition ... 126 3.3. Social Cognition and Social Networks. 3.3.1. Networks in Language Development 3.3.2. Cultural Transmission ............................................................... 139 3.3.3. Experimental Semiotics............................................................. 143 3.3.4. Concluding Remarks on Social Network Theories.................. 154 3.4. Online Social Networks....................................................................... 157 4. A Linguistics of Social Networks................................................................ 163 4.1. Language as a Complex Adaptive System.......................................... 164 4.2. Language as a Solution to the Consensus Problem .......................... 172 4.2.1. Parallel Fixation of System and Information............................ 174 4.2.2. Network Topology as a Typology of Interaction...................... 177 4.2.3. Degree Bias................................................................................. 178 4.2.4. Identity Bias ............................................................................... 178 4.2.5. Degree Distribution Bias........................................................... 179 4.2.6. Content Bias............................................................................... 179 4.3. Concluding Remarks and Experimental Predictions....................... 180 5. Data .............................................................................................................. 183 5.1. Hispachan - Anonymous Linguistic Interaction Networks............. 184 5.2. Data Collection.................................................................................... 188 5.3. Data Pre-processing............................................................................ 191 5.3.1. Node-specific Dataset............................................................... 191 5.3.2. Subgraph Dataset...................................................................... 193 5.4. Dataset - Descriptive Statistics .......................................................... 194 5.4.1. Thread Length and Diameter................................................... 195 5.4.2. Representation of Communities .............................................. 199 5.4.3. Graph Topology........................................................................ 201 5.4.4. Node Degrees............................................................................ 204 5.4.5. Graph Centralities 6. Experiment One - Influence of Network Topology on Consensus 6.1. Materials and Methods________________ 211 212 6.2. Analysis 6.3. Results................................................................................................. 219 6.4. Discussion........................................................................................... 221 7. Experiment Two - Identity Bias and Secret Handshakes....................... 225 7.1. Materials andMethods...................................................................... 228 7.2. Analysis ............................................................................................. 229 7.3. Results................................................................................................ 230 7.4. Discussion......................................................................................... 235 8. Experiment Three - Content Bias: Expressivity and Local Engagement 239 8.1. Materials andMethods...................................................................... 242 8.2. Analysis ............................................................................................. 244 8.3. Results................................................................................................ 245 8.4. Discussion.......................................................................................... 249 9. General Discussion .................................................................................... 255 9.1. Adding to the Network Approach to Language - Ecological Validity........................................................................................ 255 9.2. Internal and External Validity - Adequacy of the Blockchain Semiotics ............................................................ 256 9.3. Global Graph Topologies and Lack of Distributed Control........... 259 9.4. Local Effects and Alternative Communication Strategies.............. 264 10. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 271 Bibliography....................................................................................................... 277 Appendix ISBN 9783631902073