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Gutes Ex. - Englisch. - INHALT : Editor's Notes. ---- The D-State: A Review and Discussion of S Indies on the Physiologic State Concomitant with Dreaming. Ernest L. Hartmann (U.S.A.) The term "D-state" refers to the physiological state, marked by rapid eye movements and low-voltage fast EEGs, that accompanies dreaming. This state resembles ordinary sleep as little as it resembles waking. Knowledge in this field is growing in many directions like a young octopus. This article attempts to indicate some of the directions of growth and what the tentacles seem to be grasping. ---- Discussions: ---- M. Jouvet (France) ---- An excellent review of this new field of research. As a neuro-physiologist I should like to emphasize some of the fascinating unsolved problems: Why aren't the phylogeny and ontogeny of the D-state similar? Why does it vary so much among mammalian species? Why is it so closely correlated with sexual life in rabbits?. ---- Tomas Weiss (Czechoslovakia) ---- There is almost complete lack of knowledge concerning the function of the rhombencephalic sleep phase. Hartmann is wrong in regarding the question of function as not a very useful one. The term "D-state" lacks definite content and meaning. Any new term should be based on some new knowledge of the mechanism of the phenomenon. ---- Masaji Matsuzaki (Japan) ---- There have been several reports that electrical stimulation of the brain induces the D-state. Physostigmine and butyrate show an antagonistic effect on each other in the forebrain, but both produce the D-state in the lower brain stem. ---- Charles Fisher (U.S.A.) ---- These revolutionary discoveries on the nature of sleep and dreaming have important implications for psychoanalytic theory. The most difficult theoretical problem has been that of linking the concept of instinctual drive to this discovery of a major biological cycle involving possible alternating phases of energy build-up and energy discharge. This is at the very heart of the mystery of the mental apparatus and basic motivational forces. ---- William Dement (U.S.A.) ---- There is certainly no need for such a bewildering variety of terms for this state. Hartmann is most uncritical in his consideration of the two "dream deprivation" experiments he cites and does not give adequate attention to the fact that there is so much more of die D-state in the newborn organism. Never ---- A Methodological Study of Freudian Theory ---- Abram Kardiner, Aaron Karush, Lionel Ovesey ---- The usefulness of Freud's constructions is impaired by placing them within an instinctual and energic frame of reference. Psychoanalysis must be purged of assumptions which are not founded upon recognizable data. This leaves an imposing body of creative theory that has demonstrated its vitality and usefulness over and over again. ---- Critical Evaluations: ---- Robert Holt (U.S.) BRAVE BEGINNING TO AN ENORMOUS TASK ---- A better level of scholarship, with careful avoidance of simplifications and personification, would have made it more difficult to shrug off this paper. Yet, it is a laudable approach that is necessary if psychoanalysis is not to be left by the wayside by the other behavioral sciences. ---- Ernest Hilgard (U.S.) REVISION: FROM INSIDE OR OUTSIDE? It may be that the ultimate reformulation of psychonalytic theory will have to come from those who lack commitment to any institutionalized form of it. ---- Alex Inkeles (U.S.) FREUDIAN THEORY AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ---- Psychoanalytic theory has not had a substantial impact on sociology. As Kardiner, Karush, and Ovesey point out, there is "frame of reference trouble." There is not even a technique for taking the environment into account. ---- Mark Kanzer (U.S.) INAPPROPRIATE FRAMEWORK ---- The validation of a clinical proposition must take place in relation to therapy, not in relation to its usefulness elsewhere. ---- Ferdinand Knobloch (Czechoslovakia) MARXISTS REJECT ---- LIBIDO THEORY ---- If it is true that libido theory is not essential for psychoanalysis, and can be separated from generalizations which are derived from empirical data, then I do not see any compelling reason for Marxists to reject the core of psychoanalysis. ---- (u.v.a.)