Sachgebiete

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144 S.; 8°. Geheftet.

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Gutes Ex.; Einband etwas berieben; geringe Gebrauchsspuren. - INHALT : Editor's Notes -- The D--State: A Review and Discussion of Studies on the Physiologic State Concomitant with Dreaming Ernest L Hartmann (U S A ) The term "D--state" refers to the physiological state, marked by rapid eye movements and low--voltage fast EEGs, that accompanies dreaming This state resembles ordinary sleep as little as it resembles waking Knowledge in this field is growing in many directions like a young octopus This article attempts to indicate some of the directions of growth and what the tentacles seem to be grasping -- Discussions: -- M Jouvet (France) -- An excellent review of this new field of research As a neuro--physiologist I should like to emphasize some of the fascinating unsolved problems: Why aren't the phylogeny and ontogeny of the D--state similar? Why does it vary so much among mammalian species? Why is it so closely correlated with sexual life in rabbits? -- Tomas Weiss (Czechoslovakia) -- / There is almost complete lack of knowledge concerning the function of the rhombencephalic sleep phase Hartmann is wrong in regarding the question of function as not a very useful one The term "D--state" lacks definite content and meaning Any new term should be based on some new knowledge of the mechanism of the phenomenon -- Masaji Matsuzaki (Japan) -- There have been several reports that electrical stimulation of the brain induces the D--state Physostigmine and butyrate show an antagonistic effect on each other in the forebrain, but both produce the D--state in the lower brain stem -- Charles Fisher (U S A ) -- These revolutionary discoveries On the nature of sleep and dreaming have important implications for psychoanalytic theory The most difficult theoretical problem has been that of linking the concept of instinctual drive to this discovery of a major biological cycle involving possible alternating phases of energy build--up and energy discharge This is at the very heart of the mystery of the mental apparatus and basic motivational forces -- William Dement (U S A ) -- There is certainly no need for such a bewildering variety of terms for this state Hartmann is most uncritical in his consideration of the two "dream deprivation" experiments he cites and does not give adequate attention to the fact that there is so much more of the D--state in the newborn organism Never before in the history of biological research has so much been known about something from a descriptive point of view, with so little known at the same time about its function -- Reply: Ernest L Hartmann (U S A ) -- The multiplicity of names bears witness to the fact that there is something here worth naming Indeed, most of the names are useful, practical designations which refer to some aspect of this "state " In the term D--state: "state" emphasizes the differences from ordinary sleep as well as from waking, and "D" emphasizes the concomitant psychological state (dreaming) which in our opinion is worth keeping in mind -- The Antidepressant Drugs Anthony Hordern (England) -- This article reviews the epidemiology of depressive states, outlines the development of the antidepressant drugs, discusses problems of their evaluation, and suggests a treatment program for depressed patients Reactive depressions in young people do not require antidepressant therapy Phenelzine is useful in atypical depression with hysterical and phobic features Severe depressions require hospitalization where treatment with ECT or iminodibenzyl derivatives is usually required -- Discussions: -- Lothar B Kalinowsky (U S A ) -- Since seemingly well--planned studies show amazing differences in conclusions, my preferences are based on clinical experience rather than on statistical data ECT is the treatment of choice in severe depressions, in suicidal patients, and often because of the practical necessity of avoiding long hospitalization -- William E Bunney, Jr (U S A ) -- There are two critical areas that require comment: the complacency which develops following the successful treatment of the acute phase of what is often a chronic and malignant disease; and the data on the mechanism of action of the antidepressants which may contribute to our understanding of etiology and put treatment on a more rational basis -- Gerald L Klerman (U S A ) -- This paper has many limitations The material chosen is highly selective, the presentation is unjustifiably preferential, and conclusions based on personal opinion are not distinguished from those which have been established by investigation -- Epidemiology of Mental Retardation Ernest M Gruenherg (U S A ) This article reviews the literature on the epidemiology of mental retardation and provides a general orientation to the field Epidemiologic data can often throw light on questions which the investigator did not originally have in mind Two new approaches hold promise: the development of mental disorder registers and the national health survey -- Discussions: -- L S Penrose (England) -- The measurement of the incidence of mental retardation appears to be simple, but is in practice an extremely complicated affair Competent observers in similar communities have reported percentages ranging from 05 to 30 Such differing opinions can be attributed to inconsistencies in the aims and methods of investigators -- N Schipkowensky (Bulgaria) -- This is a wise and profound survey that unfortunately omits not only the work of the Socialist countries, but also research / u.a.